Views: 100 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2026-08-07 Origin: Site
Quick Answer — Blown Film Machine Price Ranges (2026, FOB China)
Mono-layer blown film machine: $18,000–$70,000 depending on die diameter and extruder size.
ABA co-extrusion blown film machine: $55,000–$180,000 depending on die diameter, extruder configuration, and automation level.
ABC co-extrusion blown film machine: $90,000–$350,000+ for high-output multi-layer lines.
These are ex-works FOB China price ranges for machines with CE certification and standard configurations. European-manufactured equivalents typically cost 2–3× these figures. The machine purchase price, however, represents only 15–25% of the total 8-year cost of ownership — raw material, energy, and scrap cost far more than the machine itself. Based on Mingyang's quotation data across 200+ customer projects, the optimal configuration for most packaging film converters is an ABA machine with IBC in the $75,000–$110,000 range, which balances output, film quality, and payback period.
A customer in Lagos called me last month. He had two quotations on his desk: a mono-layer blown film machine at $24,000 from one supplier, and an ABA machine with IBC at $78,000 from us. "Carrie," he said, "why would I pay three times more for a machine that makes the same film?"
I asked him three questions: What is your current scrap rate? How much do you spend on raw material per year? And what happened the last time a customer rejected a shipment? He did the math while we were on the phone. His existing line — a ten-year-old mono-layer machine — was running at 9.4% scrap. At 180 tons of annual LDPE consumption, that was 17 tons of material going to the regrind bin every year. At $1,100 per ton, the scrap alone was costing him $18,700 annually. The $78,000 ABA machine, with IBC and a dual-lip air ring, would conservatively cut scrap to 4% — saving $10,700 per year in raw material, plus increasing output by 30%, plus eliminating the customer returns that had cost him a major contract two years earlier.
"The $24,000 machine," I told him, "is cheaper to buy. It is not cheaper to own." He ordered the ABA line. This guide explains the real cost of a blown film machine — not just the purchase price, but what you actually pay over the 8–10 year life of the equipment, and how to budget for the right configuration the first time.
The following prices are FOB China ex-works ranges for CE-certified machines with standard configurations. Actual prices vary with die diameter, extruder size, automation options, and order-specific customization. Prices do not include sea freight (typically $3,000–$12,000 depending on destination and container requirements), import duties, or on-site installation.
A mono-layer machine uses a single extruder feeding a single-layer die. It produces one-material, one-layer film — most commonly LDPE, LLDPE, or HDPE — for applications like grocery bags, garbage bags, construction film, and basic shrink film.
Configuration | Die Diameter | Extruder | Typical Output | Price Range (FOB) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Entry-level | 400–600 mm | 45–55 mm | 40–70 kg/h | $18,000–$35,000 |
Mid-range | 600–800 mm | 55–65 mm | 60–110 kg/h | $28,000–$50,000 |
Large | 800–1200 mm | 65–90 mm | 100–180 kg/h | $40,000–$70,000 |
When a mono-layer machine is the right choice: you produce one type of film from one material, your film is above 80 microns (where thickness tolerance is wider), your annual output is below 150 tons, or your budget is firmly capped. For many small converters making garbage bags or construction film, a well-built mono-layer machine with a dual-lip air ring and a good operator produces perfectly saleable film.
An ABA machine uses three extruders but only two material types — the outer layers (A) share the same material, the core (B) is a different material. This is the workhorse configuration for packaging film: the core layer can be filled with calcium carbonate compound, recycled PE, or a lower-cost grade, while the outer layers provide surface quality, seal strength, and appearance.
Configuration | Die Diameter | Extruders (A/B/A) | Typical Output | Price Range (FOB) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Compact ABA | 600–800 mm | 45/55/45 mm | 80–130 kg/h | $55,000–$85,000 |
Mid-size ABA | 800–1200 mm | 55/65/55 mm | 120–200 kg/h | $75,000–$120,000 |
Large ABA | 1200–1800 mm | 65/80/65 mm or larger | 180–350 kg/h | $110,000–$180,000 |
The ABA cost advantage: the core (B) layer is typically 30–60% of the total film thickness. If you replace 50% of virgin LDPE in the core with recycled PE or CaCO₃-filled compound that costs 40–60% less, the material savings alone can exceed $50,000 per year for a line producing 250 tons of film. This is why I tell most packaging converters: if you are running 100% virgin material and buying a mono-layer machine, you are almost certainly leaving money on the table.
An ABC machine uses three extruders feeding three different materials (or two materials with one extruder split between two layers of a five-layer die). This configuration is for high-performance multi-layer film: barrier film with nylon or EVOH, high-clarity packaging film, or film requiring a specific functional layer (sealant, barrier, structural).
Configuration | Die Diameter | Extruders (A/B/C) | Typical Output | Price Range (FOB) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Entry ABC | 600–1000 mm | 45/55/45 mm | 70–140 kg/h | $90,000–$140,000 |
Mid-size ABC | 1000–1400 mm | 55/65/55 mm | 130–220 kg/h | $130,000–$220,000 |
Large/high-output ABC | 1400–2000+ mm | 65/80/65 mm or larger | 200–400+ kg/h | $200,000–$350,000+ |
ABC machines cost more not just because of the additional extruder capacity, but because the die head is more complex — each spiral mandrel layer must distribute a different material with different viscosity and temperature characteristics. The die head alone on a large ABC machine can cost $30,000–$60,000. If you do not need three genuinely different materials — if you are running LDPE skins with a recycled or filled core — an ABA machine does the same job for roughly 35–40% less.
Two machines that look identical on a specification sheet can differ in price by $30,000–$50,000. Here is where the money actually goes:
The die head is the single most expensive component on any blown film machine. A mono-layer die for a 600 mm line costs roughly $3,000–$6,000 to manufacture; a three-layer spiral mandrel die for a 1600 mm ABA line costs $25,000–$45,000. The cost scales with diameter (more steel, larger machining centers, tighter tolerance requirements over a larger circumference) and with layer count (each additional layer requires another spiral mandrel, another flow channel, more complex assembly).
The die head also determines your maximum film width. A 600 mm die with a blow-up ratio of 3:1 produces film roughly 2,800 mm wide (flat width). A 1200 mm die at the same BUR produces 5,600 mm. The larger the film width you need, the larger the die — and the larger the price tag.
Internal Bubble Cooling adds $8,000–$18,000 to machine cost depending on die diameter, chiller type, and automation level. A basic IBC system with manual chiller control and no automatic bubble diameter regulation sits at the lower end; a fully automated system with ultrasonic bubble diameter sensors, PLC-integrated chiller control, and automatic exhaust valve modulation sits at the upper end. The automated system pays for itself through reduced scrap — typically within 10–16 months for a line producing 200+ tons per year — but the upfront cost difference is real.
The external air ring type also matters: a dual-lip air ring adds $3,000–$6,000 over a single-lip design. For film below 80 microns, the combination of IBC + dual-lip air ring is the configuration I recommend to nearly every customer.
Automation adds cost but reduces dependence on operator skill. Here are the main automation options and their approximate price premiums:
Automatic Gauge Control (thermal die lip): +$15,000–$30,000. Divides the die lip into 24–48 independently heated zones with closed-loop thickness feedback from a capacitance gauge.
Gravimetric dosing/blending: +$3,000–$8,000 per extruder. A gravimetric batch blender upstream of each extruder hopper ensures consistent material blend ratios within ±0.5% — eliminating blend drift as a source of film property variation.
Corona treater: +$5,000–$12,000. Surface treatment for printability, typically mounted on the haul-off or winder frame.
Automatic winder (surface or center-surface): +$8,000–$20,000 over a basic friction winder. Automatic tension control, lay-flat winding, and auto-cutover reduce operator intervention and improve roll quality.
PLC-integrated touchscreen control: Now essentially standard on mid-range and above machines. Adds $2,000–$5,000 over basic discrete temperature controllers but provides recipe storage, alarm logging, and single-screen control of the entire line.
I advise customers to budget for automation they will actually use. A factory running one shift with an experienced operator who has been on the same machine for five years may not need automatic gauge control — the operator knows the machine's behavior well enough to maintain ±6–8% thickness variation with manual adjustments. A factory running 24/7 with multiple operators per week and demanding customers who measure every roll: AGC pays for itself.
The extruder is the second most expensive component group after the die head. A 65 mm barrier screw with a mixing section costs more than a standard single-flight screw — typically $2,000–$4,000 more per screw — but for customers running recycled content or blends, the mixing section pays for itself by improving melt homogeneity and reducing thickness variation.
Extruder motor type also matters. AC motors with inverter drives are standard on most Chinese-manufactured machines and provide adequate speed control for blown film. DC motors offer slightly better torque at low speed but are being phased out in favor of AC vector drives. Servo-driven extruders — still uncommon on blown film lines below the highest output tiers — add $8,000–$15,000 per extruder and provide the most precise speed control, but the payback is only justified on lines where output rate changes multiple times per shift.
The winder is where the finished roll is built, and a poor winder produces poor rolls regardless of how good the film is. A basic friction winder — where the winding shaft is driven by surface contact with a friction roller — costs $3,000–$6,000 and works adequately for narrow, small-diameter rolls at moderate speeds. A center-surface gap winder with automatic tension control and lay-flat adjustment costs $12,000–$25,000 and produces consistently tight, flat rolls at high speeds — the kind of rolls that automatic packaging lines demand.
The haul-off — the nip roller assembly that pulls the bubble upward — should be matched to the die diameter and output rate. An oscillating haul-off (which distributes thickness variation across the roll width) adds $8,000–$15,000 over a fixed haul-off. For lines with a rotating die, the haul-off can be fixed; for lines without die rotation, an oscillating haul-off provides the same roll-flattening benefit.
This is the factor that creates the largest price spreads between quotations for what appear to be similar machines. A European-manufactured blown film line from a German or Italian supplier typically costs 2–3× the FOB China price for equivalent specifications — $250,000–$600,000 for a mid-size ABA line that costs $80,000–$130,000 from a quality Chinese manufacturer.
The price difference comes from higher labor costs, different supply chains, and brand positioning — not necessarily from fundamentally different machine performance. A well-built Chinese ABA machine from a manufacturer with 20+ years of experience, CE certification, and in-house die machining achieves comparable film quality and output to European machines at a significantly lower purchase price.
What matters more than the country of origin is the manufacturer's consistency: do they machine their own dies? Do they run every machine with the customer's raw materials before shipping? Do they have spare parts in stock? Do they send a technician for commissioning and training? A $75,000 machine with comprehensive after-sales support is a better investment than a $65,000 machine with none.
These items can collectively add $20,000–$50,000 to the base machine price:
Rotating die: +$5,000–$12,000. Distributes thickness bands around the roll circumference for flat roll profile.
Oscillating haul-off: +$8,000–$15,000. Same function as rotating die, preferred for larger lines.
Edge trim and inline recycling: +$6,000–$15,000. Trims edge bead and feeds it back to a small re-pelletizing extruder or directly to the main extruder hopper.
Chiller for IBC: +$3,000–$7,000 (if not included with IBC system). Air-cooled is standard; water-cooled requires a cooling tower but handles higher ambient temperatures.
Custom die gap inserts: +$1,000–$3,000. Interchangeable die lip inserts for running different materials on the same machine — useful if you switch between LDPE and HDPE regularly.
Extended warranty: +$2,000–$5,000 for a second year of parts and labor coverage on critical components.
The machine purchase price is what you pay once. The operating costs are what you pay every month for 8–10 years. Over an 8-year service life, a $90,000 ABA blown film line producing 250 tons of film per year will consume roughly:
Raw material: $2,200,000 (250 tons/year × $1,100/ton × 8 years) — the dominant cost
Electricity: $140,000–$200,000 (120 kW average load × 6,000 hours/year × $0.12/kWh × 8 years)
Machine purchase price: $90,000 — one-time
Spare parts and maintenance: $25,000–$45,000 over 8 years
Scrap (at 4% rate): $88,000 (10 tons/year × $1,100/ton × 8 years)
The machine purchase price represents roughly 3.5% of the total 8-year cost of ownership. This is why choosing a machine based solely on purchase price is the most expensive decision a converter can make. A machine that costs $20,000 less to buy but produces 3% more scrap over its life wastes $66,000 in raw material — more than three times the upfront savings.
Scrap Rate | Annual Material Lost (250 tons/year) | Annual Cost at $1,100/ton | 8-Year Scrap Cost |
|---|---|---|---|
3% | 7.5 tons | $8,250 | $66,000 |
5% | 12.5 tons | $13,750 | $110,000 |
7% | 17.5 tons | $19,250 | $154,000 |
10% | 25 tons | $27,500 | $220,000 |
The difference between a 7% scrap rate (typical of a basic mono-layer line without IBC) and a 3% scrap rate (achievable on a well-configured ABA line with IBC and AGC) is $88,000 over 8 years — more than the total purchase price of many mid-range blown film machines. The scrap savings alone can pay for the machine.
Configuration | Extruder | Die | Cooling | Automation | Est. Output | Price (FOB) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Budget Mono | 55 mm, single flight | 600 mm, mono | Single-lip air ring | Basic temp controllers | 60–90 kg/h | $24,000–$35,000 |
Mid-Range Mono | 65 mm, barrier screw | 800 mm, mono | Dual-lip air ring | PLC + touchscreen | 100–150 kg/h | $42,000–$58,000 |
ABA Standard | 55/65/55 mm, barrier | 1000 mm, 3-layer | Dual-lip + IBC | PLC + gravimetric dosing | 140–200 kg/h | $82,000–$110,000 |
ABA High-Output | 65/80/65 mm, barrier | 1400 mm, 3-layer | Dual-lip + IBC + rotating | PLC + AGC + gravimetric | 250–350 kg/h | $140,000–$180,000 |
ABC Premium | 55/65/55 mm, barrier | 1200 mm, 3-layer | Dual-lip + IBC + rotating | PLC + AGC + gravimetric | 160–240 kg/h | $150,000–$210,000 |
All prices are FOB China ex-works. Add $3,000–$12,000 for sea freight depending on destination and container count. Add import duties per destination country (typically 0–15% depending on trade agreements and machine classification). On-site installation and commissioning is typically included in the machine price for most Chinese manufacturers — confirm this in the quotation.
In 2024, a packaging converter in Lagos, Nigeria, was comparing two options for a new LDPE shrink film line targeting 30-micron film for food packaging. Option A was a mono-layer machine with a 65 mm extruder, 800 mm die, dual-lip air ring, and no IBC — quoted at $42,000. Option B was an ABA machine from Mingyang with 55/65/55 mm extruders, 1000 mm die, dual-lip air ring, IBC with ultrasonic bubble control, and gravimetric dosing — quoted at $94,000. The price difference was $52,000.
We built a three-year operating cost model together:
Cost Item (Annual, 200 tons output) | Option A — Mono ($42K) | Option B — ABA + IBC ($94K) |
|---|---|---|
Raw material (virgin LDPE) | $242,000 (220t at $1,100/t, incl. scrap) | $187,000 (170t virgin + 50t recycled core at $550/t avg) |
Electricity | $18,700 | $20,500 |
Scrap (rate) | $22,000 (10% scrap) | $9,350 (3.8% scrap) |
Maintenance & spares | $3,500 | $5,000 |
Annual operating cost | $286,200 | $221,850 |
3-year operating cost | $858,600 | $665,550 |
3-year total (machine + operating) | $900,600 | $759,550 |
After three years, the $94,000 machine had cost $141,050 less to own and operate than the $42,000 machine. The primary driver was the ABA configuration allowing 40% recycled content in the core layer — a cost reduction the mono-layer machine could not deliver because it had only one material stream. Secondary was the scrap rate difference: 10% vs 3.8%. The customer ordered the ABA line and achieved payback on the price premium in approximately 11 months.
When you are investing $50,000–$200,000 in a blown film machine, the manufacturer's track record and support infrastructure matter as much as the specification sheet:
Manufacturing experience: 20+ years manufacturing blown film and bag making equipment at our production base in Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China. We machine our own die heads in-house on CNC machining centers — the die is the heart of the machine, and we do not outsource it.
CE and ISO 9001 certified: Every machine is built to CE standards. Every die head is verified to ±0.015 mm tolerance on a CMM before assembly.
Export footprint: Mingyang machines are running in 40+ countries. Our technical team has configured machines for diverse operating conditions, voltage standards, and climate zones across Southeast Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and South America.
Spare parts: 2,000+ SKUs in stock with 48-hour dispatch on critical items — die heads, screws, barrels, air rings, IBC components, motors, and drives.
Factory acceptance test: Every machine undergoes a full-day FAT with the customer's actual raw materials. We provide thickness variation data at three output rates, energy consumption measurement, and output verification before the machine leaves our factory.
On-site commissioning and training: Service technicians handle installation, commissioning, and operator training. Typical on-site duration is 5–7 working days, including production of saleable film before handover.
Transparent pricing: Our quotations break down the cost by major component group — die head, extruders, cooling system, winder, controls, and options — so you can see exactly where the money goes and make informed trade-offs.
Die head manufacturing. Ask whether the die head is machined in-house or purchased from a third party. In-house machining with documented tolerance data (±0.025 mm or better) is a strong quality signal. A purchased die head of unknown origin is the single biggest quality risk on a blown film machine.
FAT scope. Insist on a factory acceptance test that includes thickness measurement across full film width at three output rates, using your actual raw materials (or a mutually agreed equivalent). If the supplier resists providing thickness data from the FAT, ask why.
Price breakdown by component. A quotation that lists only a single total price tells you nothing about where the money is going. Request a line-item breakdown: die head, each extruder, cooling system, winder, controls, options, and installation/commissioning.
Spare parts list. Ask for a recommended first-year spare parts list with individual pricing. A supplier who cannot provide this within a few days likely does not have a structured spare parts operation — which means you will wait when something breaks.
Warranty terms. Standard is 12 months from shipment or 18 months from delivery for critical components (gearbox, screw, barrel, die head, motors). Confirm the warranty covers parts and labor, and confirm how warranty claims are handled — replacement parts shipped immediately, or only after returned parts are inspected?
Installation and training. Confirm whether on-site installation, commissioning, and operator training are included in the quotation or priced separately. Confirm the number of days included — typically 5–7 working days is adequate for a standard blown film line.
Total delivered cost. Ask for the total cost breakdown: machine FOB + sea freight (get a quote from a freight forwarder independently to verify) + estimated import duties for your country + any local handling charges. The machine price is not the number you write on the purchase order.
An entry-level mono-layer blown film machine with a 45–55 mm extruder and 400–600 mm die costs $18,000–$35,000 FOB China. This machine can produce grocery bags, garbage bags, or basic shrink film at 40–70 kg/h. Add roughly $5,000–$8,000 for sea freight to most destinations, plus import duties. Budget $30,000–$50,000 total delivered for a basic but functional startup line. For a startup producing packaging film, I recommend stretching to a mid-range mono-layer machine ($35,000–$50,000) with a dual-lip air ring — the film quality difference is visible to customers and the scrap savings pay back the price difference within 12–18 months.
European-manufactured blown film machines (German, Italian) typically cost 2–3× the FOB China price for equivalent specifications. A mid-size ABA line that costs $80,000–$120,000 from a quality Chinese manufacturer may cost $200,000–$350,000 from a European supplier. The price difference comes primarily from labor costs, supply chain differences, and brand positioning. In terms of film quality and output, a well-built Chinese machine from a manufacturer with 20+ years of experience, in-house die machining, CE certification, and documented FAT procedures achieves comparable results. The practical differences are often in service infrastructure in specific regions — verify that your chosen manufacturer has commissioned machines in your country before.
Sea freight for a standard blown film machine (one 40-foot container) ranges from $3,000–$12,000 depending on origin port (typically Shanghai or Ningbo for Chinese manufacturers), destination port, and current shipping rates. A large ABA or ABC line may require two containers. Air freight is rarely used due to cost — a blown film machine weighs 5–15 tons and air freight at $3–5/kg would exceed the machine price. Budget $5,000–$10,000 for sea freight as a reasonable planning figure for most destinations. Get an independent freight forwarder quotation rather than relying solely on the supplier's shipping estimate.
For a mid-range ABA blown film machine in the $80,000–$120,000 range, the typical payback period from operating profit (revenue minus raw material, labor, electricity, and maintenance) is 18–30 months for a line running two shifts producing packaging film. This assumes reasonable market pricing for the finished film and does not include financing costs. If the machine replaces an older, less efficient line, the payback is faster because the output increase and scrap reduction are incremental to existing revenue. The single largest variable in payback is the spread between raw material cost and finished film selling price — this varies by country and application.
I advise caution. A used blown film machine priced at $15,000–$30,000 may seem attractive, but the three things that most affect film quality — die head condition, screw and barrel wear, and air ring performance — are the three things that wear the fastest and are hardest to inspect without disassembly. If you are considering a used machine: (1) insist on running the machine with your raw material before purchase and measuring thickness variation yourself; (2) inspect the die lip clearance with a feeler gauge at eight points — more than 0.05 mm variation means re-machining; (3) check the screw flight OD against the barrel ID — wear beyond 0.5 mm diametral clearance reduces output and melt quality. A used machine from a reputable manufacturer with verifiable maintenance records can be a good deal; a used machine of unknown origin with no run-test opportunity is a gamble.
In order of ROI: (1) IBC with automatic bubble diameter control — reduces scrap and increases output, usually pays back in 10–16 months. (2) Dual-lip air ring — a $3,000–$6,000 upgrade that improves thickness control by 2–3 percentage points. (3) Gravimetric dosing — a $3,000–$8,000 per extruder investment that eliminates blend ratio as a source of film property variation and pays back quickly when running recycled content. (4) Rotating die or oscillating haul-off — prevents hard bands on rolls, reducing customer returns. (5) Automatic gauge control — highest absolute cost ($15,000–$30,000) but justified for 24/7 operation or tight-tolerance customers. Features I suggest deferring unless specifically needed: corona treater, automatic winder (unless producing for automatic packaging lines), and servo extruder drives.
A mid-size ABA blown film line running LDPE at 150 kg/h for 20 hours per day produces 3 tons of film. Daily operating costs: raw material approximately $3,300 (3 tons at $1,100/ton), electricity approximately $290 (120 kW × 20h × $0.12/kWh), operator labor $60–$120 depending on location (1–2 operators per shift), and allocated maintenance/spares approximately $25–$40. Total daily operating cost: roughly $3,700–$3,800. The machine purchase price spread over 2,000 production days (roughly 8 years) adds approximately $40–$90 per day depending on the machine cost. The raw material is, by an order of magnitude, the largest daily cost — which is why scrap reduction and the ability to use recycled content drive total cost of ownership more than any other factor.
ABA Film Blowing Machine — Complete Selection Guide — How to specify an ABA configuration for your film product and production volume
Mono-Layer vs ABA vs ABC: Which Film Blowing Machine for Your Application — Decision framework for choosing the right layer configuration and budget
IBC System in Blown Film: Working Principle & Benefits — How IBC improves output, thickness control, and payback — and when it is not the right investment
How to Reduce Film Thickness Variation in Blown Film Production: 8 Practical Solutions — Complete guide to thickness control hardware, process, and material approaches
Blown Film Machine Energy Cost Analysis and Reduction Strategies — Understanding energy consumption per kilogram and how machine configuration affects the electric bill
Recycled PE Film Production: Complete Technical Guide — How to incorporate recycled content without sacrificing film quality — the largest single cost lever
Every blown film line is configured to a specific product, material, and production volume. A quotation that fits a converter making 30-micron LDPE shrink film in Nairobi will not fit a converter making 80-micron HDPE garbage bags in Lagos. Send me your production parameters and I will prepare a detailed configuration proposal with itemized pricing and a 3-year operating cost model — no commitment required.
What to include in your message:
Film type and application (e.g., LDPE shrink film for food packaging, HDPE garbage bags)
Film width and thickness range (mm and microns)
Raw material types and any recycled content target percentage
Target monthly output (tons)
Number of shifts per day and operating days per month
Your location (city/country — for freight estimate, voltage, climate, and service planning)
Target budget range (optional — helps me recommend the most practical configuration within your budget)
Email: carrie@jymingyang.com
WhatsApp: +86-189-6169-1127
Within 1 business day, you will receive: a 4–6 page configuration proposal with machine model options at different price points, itemized component pricing, output and energy consumption projections for each option, a 3-year total cost of ownership comparison, and a payback calculation based on your specific production parameters and local raw material and electricity costs.
About the Author
Carrie — Technical Sales Engineer, Mingyang (Jiangyin Mingyang Packaging Machinery Co., Ltd.). 8+ years in blown film and bag making machinery. Based in Jiangyin, Jiangsu, Carrie has worked with customers across Southeast Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and South America on machine selection, production line configuration, and factory-level cost optimization for film blowing and bag making equipment.
